Viscosity plays a crucial part in determining whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. In smooth flow, the fluid particles move in parallel stratas, with minimal interaction. This occurs when the velocity of the fluid is slight and the viscosity is strong. Conversely, turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable movement of fluid particles.

Semiconductors play a vital role in modern electronics due to their ability to control the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band is